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                    快速上手
            
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                    基础类型
            
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                    接口
            
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                    类
            
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                    函数
            
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                    泛型
            
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                    枚举
            
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                    类型推论
            
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                    类型兼容性
            
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                    高级类型
            
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                    实用工具类型
            
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                    Symbols
            
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                    Iterators 和 Generators
            
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                    模块
            
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                    命名空间
            
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                    命名空间和模块
            
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                    模块解析
            
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                    声明合并
            
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                    书写.d.ts文件
            
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                    JSX
            
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                    Decorators
            
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                    混入
            
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                    三斜线指令
            
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                    JavaScript文件里的类型检查
            
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                    如何书写声明文件
            
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                    结构
            
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                    规范
            
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                    举例
            
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                    深入
            
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                    发布
            
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                    使用
            
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                    工程配置
            
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                    tsconfig.json
            
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                    工程引用
            
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                    NPM包的类型
            
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                    编译选项
            
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                    配置 Watch
            
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                    在MSBuild里使用编译选项
            
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                    与其它构建工具整合
            
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                    使用TypeScript的每日构建版本
            
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                    Wiki
            
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                    TypeScript里的this
            
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                    编码规范
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../wiki/Common Errors.html">
            
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                    常见编译错误
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="../wiki/TypeScript-Editor-Support.html">
            
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                    支持TypeScript的编辑器
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.5" data-path="../wiki/Using-TypeScript-With-ASP.NET-5.html">
            
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                    结合ASP.NET v5使用TypeScript
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.6" data-path="../wiki/Architectural-Overview.html">
            
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                    架构概述
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.7" data-path="../wiki/Roadmap.html">
            
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                    发展路线图
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="./">
            
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                    新增功能
            
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                    TypeScript 3.1
            
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                    TypeScript 3.0
            
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                    TypeScript 2.9
            
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                    TypeScript 2.8
            
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                    TypeScript 2.7
            
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                    TypeScript 2.6
            
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                    TypeScript 2.5
            
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                    TypeScript 2.4
            
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                    TypeScript 2.3
            
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                    TypeScript 2.2
            
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                    TypeScript 2.1
            
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                    TypeScript 2.0
            
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                    TypeScript 1.8
            
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                    TypeScript 1.7
            
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                    TypeScript 1.6
            
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                    TypeScript 1.5
            
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                    TypeScript 1.4
            
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                    TypeScript 1.3
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.19" data-path="TypeScript 1.1.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 1.1
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="../breaking-changes/breaking-changes.html">
            
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                    Breaking Changes
            
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                    TypeScript 2.4
            
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                    TypeScript 2.3
            
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                    TypeScript 2.2
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.4" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.1.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 2.1
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.5" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.0.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 2.0
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.6" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.8.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 1.8
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.7" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.7.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 1.7
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.8" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.6.html">
            
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                    TypeScript 1.6
            
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        <a href="../.." >TypeScript 3.1</a>
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                                <h1 id="&#x5143;&#x7EC4;&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;">&#x5143;&#x7EC4;&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;</h1>
<p>TypeScript 3.1&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x5143;&#x7EC4;&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x4F1A;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7EC4;/&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x4E0A;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x5982;<code>push()</code>&#xFF0C;<code>pop()</code>&#x548C;<code>length</code>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x3002;
&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> MapToPromise&lt;T&gt; = { [K <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> keyof T]: Promise&lt;T[K]&gt; };

<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Coordinate = [<span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>]

<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> PromiseCoordinate = MapToPromise&lt;Coordinate&gt;; <span class="hljs-comment">// [Promise&lt;number&gt;, Promise&lt;number&gt;]</span>
</code></pre>
<p><code>MapToPromise</code>&#x63A5;&#x6536;&#x53C2;&#x6570;<code>T</code>&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x5B83;&#x662F;&#x4E2A;&#x50CF;<code>Coordinate</code>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7EC4;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x578B;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x3002;
<code>[number, number]</code>&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x578B;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF1A;<code>0</code>&#x548C;<code>1</code>&#x3002;
&#x9488;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#xFF0C;<code>MapToPromise</code>&#x4F1A;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7EC4;&#xFF0C;<code>0</code>&#x548C;<code>1</code>&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x662F;&#x539F;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>Promise</code>&#x3002;
&#x56E0;&#x6B64;<code>PromiseCoordinate</code>&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x4E3A;<code>[Promise&lt;number&gt;, Promise&lt;number&gt;]</code>&#x3002;</p>
<h1 id="&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x58F0;&#x660E;">&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x58F0;&#x660E;</h1>
<p>TypeScript 3.1&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x5728;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x4E0A;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x652F;&#x6301;<code>const</code>&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x53EA;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7ED9;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E86;&#x3002;
&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x89C4;&#x8303;JavaScript&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x5FC5;&#x518D;&#x501F;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;<code>namespace</code>&#x3002;
&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-ts">function readImage(path: string, callback: (err: any, image: Image) =&gt; void) {
    // ...
}

readImage.sync = (path: string) =&gt; {
    const contents = fs.readFileSync(path);
    return decodeImageSync(contents);
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#xFF0C;<code>readImage</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5F02;&#x6B65;&#x5730;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x4E00;&#x5F20;&#x56FE;&#x7247;&#x3002;
&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8FD8;&#x5728;<code>readImage</code>&#x4E0A;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4FBF;&#x6377;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;<code>readImage.sync</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;ECMAScript&#x5BFC;&#x51FA;&#x662F;&#x4E2A;&#x66F4;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x6B64;&#x98CE;&#x683C;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x5728;TypeScript&#x91CC;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x3002;
&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;React&#x65E0;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x578B;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#xFF08;SFCs&#xFF09;&#x91CC;&#x7684;<code>defaultProps</code>&#x548C;<code>propTpes</code> &#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-ts">export const FooComponent =&gt; ({ name }) =&gt; (
    &lt;div&gt;Hello! I am {name}&lt;/div&gt;
);

FooComponent.defaultProps = {
    name: &quot;(anonymous)&quot;,
};
</code></pre>
<!--
fs.readFile(path, (err, data) => {
        if (err) callback(err, undefined);
        else decodeImage(data, (err, image) => {
            if (err) callback(err, undefined);
            else callback(undefined, image);
        });
    });
-->
<hr>
<p><sup id="ts-3-1-only-homomorphic">[1]</sup> &#x66F4;&#x786E;&#x5207;&#x5730;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x90A3;&#x79CD;&#x540C;&#x6001;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;</p>
<h1 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;typesversions&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x7248;&#x672C;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>typesVersions</code>&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x7248;&#x672C;</h1>
<p>&#x7531;&#x793E;&#x533A;&#x7684;&#x53CD;&#x9988;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x7ECF;&#x9A8C;&#x5F97;&#x77E5;&#xFF0C;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x6700;&#x65B0;&#x7684;TypeScript&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x5BB9;&#x7EB3;&#x65E7;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x5F88;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#x3002;
TypeScript&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x4E86;&#x53EB;&#x505A;<code>typesVersions</code>&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x7279;&#x6027;&#x6765;&#x89E3;&#x51B3;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5728;TypeScript 3.1&#x91CC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;Node&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;TypeScript&#x4F1A;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;<code>package.json</code>&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#x5B83;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x9996;&#x5148;&#x4F1A;&#x67E5;&#x770B;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x4E3A;<code>typesVersions</code>&#x7684;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x3002;
&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5E26;&#x6709;<code>typesVersions</code>&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x7684;<code>package.json</code>&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-json">{
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;package-name&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;version&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;1.0&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;types&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;./index.d.ts&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;typesVersions&quot;</span>: {
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&gt;=3.1&quot;</span>: { <span class="hljs-string">&quot;*&quot;</span>: [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ts3.1/*&quot;</span>] }
  }
}
</code></pre>
<p><code>package.json</code>&#x544A;&#x8BC9;TypeScript&#x53BB;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684;TypeScript&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x6B63;&#x5728;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;
&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x662F;3.1&#x6216;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x627E;&#x51FA;&#x4F60;&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#x7684;&#x5305;&#x7684;&#x8DEF;&#x5F84;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5305;&#x91CC;&#x9762;&#x7684;<code>ts3.1</code>&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5939;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x3002;
&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x662F;<code>{ &quot;*&quot;: [&quot;ts3.1/*&quot;] }</code>&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x4E49; - &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x5BF9;&#x8DEF;&#x5F84;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x719F;&#x6089;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x5728;&#x4E0A;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6B63;&#x5728;&#x4ECE;<code>&quot;package-name&quot;</code>&#x4E2D;&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x6B63;&#x5728;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7684;TypeScript&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E3A;3.1&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F1A;&#x5C1D;&#x8BD5;&#x4ECE;<code>[...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/index.d.ts</code>&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x3002;
&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x662F;&#x4ECE;<code>package-name/foo</code>&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#xFF0C;&#x7531;&#x4F1A;&#x67E5;&#x627E;<code>[...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/foo.d.ts</code>&#x548C;<code>[...]/node_modules/package-name/ts3.1/foo/index.d.ts</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x90A3;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7684;TypeScript&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;3.1&#x5462;&#xFF1F;
&#x5982;&#x679C;<code>typesVersions</code>&#x91CC;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x80FD;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;TypeScript&#x5C06;&#x56DE;&#x9000;&#x5230;&#x67E5;&#x770B;<code>types</code>&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;TypeScript 3.0&#x53CA;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4F1A;&#x91CD;&#x5B9A;&#x5411;&#x5230;<code>[...]/node_modules/package-name/index.d.ts</code>&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;">&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;</h2>
<p>TypeScript&#x4F7F;&#x7528;Node&#x7684;<a href="https://github.com/npm/node-semver#ranges" target="_blank">semver ranges</a>&#x53BB;&#x51B3;&#x5B9A;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5668;&#x548C;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;">&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;</h2>
<p><code>typesVersions</code>&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x90FD;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-json">{
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;package-name&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;version&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;1.0&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;types&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;./index.d.ts&quot;</span>,
  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;typesVersions&quot;</span>: {
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&gt;=3.2&quot;</span>: { <span class="hljs-string">&quot;*&quot;</span>: [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ts3.2/*&quot;</span>] },
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&gt;=3.1&quot;</span>: { <span class="hljs-string">&quot;*&quot;</span>: [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ts3.1/*&quot;</span>] }
  }
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x3002;
&#x5728;&#x4E0A;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5C3D;&#x7BA1;<code>&gt;=3.2</code>&#x548C;<code>&gt;=3.1</code>&#x90FD;&#x5339;&#x914D;TypeScript 3.2&#x53CA;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x53CD;&#x8F6C;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x5C06;&#x4F1A;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x4E0A;&#x4F8B;&#x4E0E;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x7B49;&#x540C;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-json5">{
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;package-name&quot;,
  &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0&quot;,
  &quot;types&quot;: &quot;./index.d.ts&quot;,
  &quot;typesVersions&quot;: {
    // &#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5199;&#x4E0D;&#x751F;&#x6548;
    &quot;&gt;=3.1&quot;: { &quot;*&quot;: [&quot;ts3.1/*&quot;] },
    &quot;&gt;=3.2&quot;: { &quot;*&quot;: [&quot;ts3.2/*&quot;] }
  }
}
</code></pre>

                                
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